What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
A traumatic brain injury, or TBI, happens when something hits or shakes the head. The hit can be mild or very serious. Sometimes you can see damage, like a broken skull, but not always.
When the head is hit, the brain can move inside the skull. This can hurt brain cells. The injury can happen right away from the hit, or because the brain does not get enough oxygen or blood.
There are two main types of brain injuries in a TBI:
- Diffuse injury: This means the damage is spread out across the brain. It can affect many areas, including deep parts of the brain. Each person may be affected differently.
- Focal injury: This means the damage is in one or a few specific areas of the brain. The problems a person has may depend on which area was hurt.
What is a non-traumatic brain injury (NTBI)?
A non-traumatic brain injury (NTBI) is brain damage that happens without a hit to the head. It is caused by things inside the body.
Some causes include:
- Not enough oxygen getting to the brain
- Stroke
- Infections
- Harmful chemicals (toxins)
- Brain tumors
- Problems with how the body uses energy (metabolic disorders)
- A weak or bulging blood vessel in the brain (aneurysm)
Signs to Watch For:
- Confusion or memory problems
- Headache
- Dizziness or balance problems
- Mood changes
- Trouble talking or understanding
- Feeling very tired
- Vision problems
Get Help Right Away If You See:
- Passing out
- Repeated vomiting
- Seizures
- Severe headache
- Trouble waking up
- Weakness or numbness
Caregiving Tips
- Keep things simple by giving short, clear directions, asking one question at a time, and repeating information as needed
- Create a routine by keeping daily schedules consistent, using a calendar or checklist, and planning regular rest breaks
- Help with memory by writing things down, using alarms or reminders, and keeping commonly used items in the same place.
- Make the home safe by removing tripping hazards, ensuring good lighting, and installing grab bars if needed
- Support emotions by staying calm and patient, allowing extra time for responses, and watching for changes in mood
- Take care of yourself by asking for help when needed, taking regular breaks, and connecting with a support group or healthcare provider
Recovery from a brain injury is a gradual process, and progress can look different from day to day and person to person. Ongoing support, consistency, and patience can make a meaningful difference as healing continues over time. Please stay in close communication with your healthcare team and reach out with any questions, concerns, or changes in condition so that care can be adjusted as needed.